# Research **URL:** https://forum.celestia.org/c/research/5.md [Latest](https://forum.celestia.org/latest.md) · [Categories](https://forum.celestia.org/categories.md) --- ## [About the Research category](https://forum.celestia.org/t/about-the-research-category/18)
**Author:** [@musalbas](https://forum.celestia.org/u/musalbas)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [January 25, 2020, 12:21am UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/about-the-research-category/18 "2020-01-25T00:21:32Z")
Discuss new or existing blockchain research under this category. --- ## [Five open questions on gaps in the security argument of the 2019 "Fraud and Data Availability Proofs" paper](https://forum.celestia.org/t/five-open-questions-on-gaps-in-the-security-argument-of-the-2019-fraud-and-data-availability-proofs-paper/2303)
**Author:** [@trainingzk](https://forum.celestia.org/u/trainingzk)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [September 18, 2026, 10:56am UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/five-open-questions-on-gaps-in-the-security-argument-of-the-2019-fraud-and-data-availability-proofs-paper/2303 "2026-09-18T10:56:04Z")
Five Open Questions on the Security of Fraud and Data Availability Proofs The 2019 paper “Fraud and Data Availability Proofs” by Al-Bassam, Sonnino and Buterin is one of the foundational works behind modern data-availabi… --- ## [Fibre: ShardRetention, and what happens when an assigned validator doesn't serve](https://forum.celestia.org/t/fibre-shardretention-and-what-happens-when-an-assigned-validator-doesnt-serve/2288)
**Author:** [@utku](https://forum.celestia.org/u/utku)\ **Replies:** 4\ **Last updated:** [September 4, 2026, 8:33pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/fibre-shardretention-and-what-happens-when-an-assigned-validator-doesnt-serve/2288 "2026-09-04T20:33:20Z")
Reading through specs/src/fibre\_server.md and CIP-51 ahead of Fibre going live. Three things that don’t resolve from the docs. 1. ShardRetention (default 4h) is described in fibre\_server.md as an on-chain, governance-ch… --- ## [Rate limiting Fibre's read path without IP allowlists](https://forum.celestia.org/t/rate-limiting-fibres-read-path-without-ip-allowlists/2295)
**Author:** [@utku](https://forum.celestia.org/u/utku)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [September 4, 2026, 8:26pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/rate-limiting-fibres-read-path-without-ip-allowlists/2295 "2026-09-04T20:26:11Z")
ADR-029 gave UploadShard a solid, stake-derived occupancy budget, and explicitly scoped the read path out: DownloadShard never grows the store, so it was left unthrottled. That gap is worth closing before Fibre carries r… --- ## [What matters most when choosing an open-source wallet for Celestia?](https://forum.celestia.org/t/what-matters-most-when-choosing-an-open-source-wallet-for-celestia/2283)
**Author:** [@Anzus\_GemWallet](https://forum.celestia.org/u/Anzus_GemWallet)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [August 17, 2026, 1:43am UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/what-matters-most-when-choosing-an-open-source-wallet-for-celestia/2283 "2026-08-17T01:43:44Z")
Open-source wallets are often recommended for self-custody, but being open source alone does not automatically make a wallet secure or trustworthy. When choosing a wallet for holding and staking TIA, what matters most t… --- ## [Celestia as TCP/IP for Financial Internet](https://forum.celestia.org/t/celestia-as-tcp-ip-for-financial-internet/2005)
**Author:** [@Rakesh-Jag](https://forum.celestia.org/u/Rakesh-Jag)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [July 1, 2026, 4:07pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/celestia-as-tcp-ip-for-financial-internet/2005 "2026-07-01T16:07:59Z")
In the ERP and SaaS world, technically every accounting entry is passed 2 times (once in Service provider books of account & once in Service receiver books of accounts), leveraging private blobs, namespaces and a blob po… --- ## [On Data Availability Pricing](https://forum.celestia.org/t/on-data-availability-pricing/2206)
**Author:** [@decanus](https://forum.celestia.org/u/decanus)\ **Replies:** 8\ **Last updated:** [April 7, 2026, 11:01pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/on-data-availability-pricing/2206 "2026-04-07T23:01:32Z")
A topic across the data availability space right now is the discussion of pricing, DA by many is considered a commodity whose pricing should be marginal. Due to platform lock-in DA being relatively loose, pricing is a do… --- ## [\[Account | User\]-centric Private Blockspace](https://forum.celestia.org/t/account-user-centric-private-blockspace/2155)
**Author:** [@nuke](https://forum.celestia.org/u/nuke)\ **Replies:** 5\ **Last updated:** [January 19, 2026, 11:19am UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/account-user-centric-private-blockspace/2155 "2026-01-19T11:19:57Z")
This post outlines a model that addresses valid critiques around Private Blockspace’s present model that has Protocol Operators (POs) in control of encryption key management. Ultimately, the encryption keys have a DA pr… --- ## [Proof-of-Governance as the Endgame for LSTs](https://forum.celestia.org/t/proof-of-governance-as-the-endgame-for-lsts/2036)
**Author:** [@adlerjohn](https://forum.celestia.org/u/adlerjohn)\ **Replies:** 43\ **Last updated:** [August 16, 2025, 3:43pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/proof-of-governance-as-the-endgame-for-lsts/2036 "2025-08-16T15:43:15Z")
Thanks to @nashqueue for discussions that led into this. In this post we will discuss how Proof-of-Governance (PoG) is the natural conclusion of staking derivatives. By separating security from REV, PoG would allow the … --- ## [CIP-40: Privval Interface Extension for Arbitrary Message Signing](https://forum.celestia.org/t/cip-40-privval-interface-extension-for-arbitrary-message-signing/2102)
**Author:** [@evan](https://forum.celestia.org/u/evan)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [July 25, 2025, 4:43pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/cip-40-privval-interface-extension-for-arbitrary-message-signing/2102 "2025-07-25T16:43:59Z")
discussion post for CIP-40: Privval Interface Extension for Arbitrary Message Signing --- ## [CIP: Lowering Trusting Period to 7 Days](https://forum.celestia.org/t/cip-lowering-trusting-period-to-7-days/2033)
**Author:** [@nashqueue](https://forum.celestia.org/u/nashqueue)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [June 20, 2025, 3:16pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/cip-lowering-trusting-period-to-7-days/2033 "2025-06-20T15:16:05Z")
Link to CIP This CIP proposes to reduce Celestia’s trusting period (weak subjectivity period) to 7 days, consequently setting the light node sampling window to 7 days. --- ## [Frame by Frame: Unpacking Celestia’s Windows and Parameters](https://forum.celestia.org/t/frame-by-frame-unpacking-celestia-s-windows-and-parameters/2001)
**Author:** [@nashqueue](https://forum.celestia.org/u/nashqueue)\ **Replies:** 8\ **Last updated:** [June 16, 2025, 12:53pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/frame-by-frame-unpacking-celestia-s-windows-and-parameters/2001 "2025-06-16T12:53:47Z")
Introduction The design of Celestia’s data availability network relies upon a series of interdependent parameters—time windows—that govern security, liveness, and resource utilization. In particular, the concepts of weak… --- ## [Making Celestia fully real-time verifiable (and, in turn, scale nearly for free)](https://forum.celestia.org/t/making-celestia-fully-real-time-verifiable-and-in-turn-scale-nearly-for-free/2002)
**Author:** [@lmao](https://forum.celestia.org/u/lmao)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [May 22, 2025, 7:13pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/making-celestia-fully-real-time-verifiable-and-in-turn-scale-nearly-for-free/2002 "2025-05-22T19:13:27Z")
This is a post about one possible (weird) vision enabling additional verifiability for Celestia. The tl;dr is, by making many parts of the stack verifiable, we can replace (a) a lot of round-trip costs from either valida… --- ## [Using ZODA in Celestia](https://forum.celestia.org/t/using-zoda-in-celestia/1863)
**Author:** [@nashqueue](https://forum.celestia.org/u/nashqueue)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [May 21, 2025, 11:20am UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/using-zoda-in-celestia/1863 "2025-05-21T11:20:24Z")
This post was co-authored by @STB and @nashqueue This post is by no means intended to be a comprehensive resource for fully understanding the DA sampling of Celestia or ZODA in a rigorous way. Rather, it aims to sketch … --- ## [Separating Retrievability from Availability: Implications for the DA Network](https://forum.celestia.org/t/separating-retrievability-from-availability-implications-for-the-da-network/1991)
**Author:** [@nashqueue](https://forum.celestia.org/u/nashqueue)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [May 14, 2025, 7:41pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/separating-retrievability-from-availability-implications-for-the-da-network/1991 "2025-05-14T19:41:04Z")
Introduction This document examines the separation between data availability and data retrievability in celestia. The distinction between these 2 concepts has significant implications for network design, resource allocat… --- ## [Celestia ZK Accounts: Proving Ethereum State](https://forum.celestia.org/t/celestia-zk-accounts-proving-ethereum-state/1944)
**Author:** [@nulltea](https://forum.celestia.org/u/nulltea)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [March 14, 2025, 2:20pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/celestia-zk-accounts-proving-ethereum-state/1944 "2025-03-14T14:20:26Z")
In this post, we compare different ZK light clients to prove the state of Ethereum EL and CL. We summarize trust assumptions and benchmarks for different light client implementations, focusing on the time it takes to gen… --- ## [Support off-chain micropayments](https://forum.celestia.org/t/support-off-chain-micropayments/1758)
**Author:** [@cmwaters](https://forum.celestia.org/u/cmwaters)\ **Replies:** 10\ **Last updated:** [March 11, 2025, 11:18am UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/support-off-chain-micropayments/1758 "2025-03-11T11:18:23Z")
Current fee payment systems in rollups have deviated from how L1s traditionally operated with the user setting and paying for the gas for that service. RAAS (Rollup-as-a-service) providers instead have monthly subscripti… --- ## [Celestia DAS: Reconstruction Simulations and Light Node Requirements](https://forum.celestia.org/t/celestia-das-reconstruction-simulations-and-light-node-requirements/1891)
**Author:** [@walldiss](https://forum.celestia.org/u/walldiss)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [January 24, 2025, 2:34pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/celestia-das-reconstruction-simulations-and-light-node-requirements/1891 "2025-01-24T14:34:34Z")
Introduction Data Availability Sampling (DAS) is a fundamental mechanism in Celestia, allowing light nodes to verify block data availability without downloading entire blocks. Although the theoretical underpinnings were … --- ## [Resource pricing the square construction for fixed light node hardware requirements](https://forum.celestia.org/t/resource-pricing-the-square-construction-for-fixed-light-node-hardware-requirements/1862)
**Author:** [@nashqueue](https://forum.celestia.org/u/nashqueue)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [February 4, 2025, 10:53pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/resource-pricing-the-square-construction-for-fixed-light-node-hardware-requirements/1862 "2025-02-04T22:53:46Z")
Context: The faster the blocks go, the more load there will be on light nodes. Primarily, three things will see the load concerning storage and bandwidth on the side of the light node: Tendermint Header Commitment to t… --- ## [Increasing blocksize with more samples instead of light nodes](https://forum.celestia.org/t/increasing-blocksize-with-more-samples-instead-of-light-nodes/1871)
**Author:** [@nashqueue](https://forum.celestia.org/u/nashqueue)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [January 16, 2025, 3:25pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/increasing-blocksize-with-more-samples-instead-of-light-nodes/1871 "2025-01-16T15:25:45Z")
Something intuitive in the DAS (Data Availability Sampling) protocol is that if we increase the number of light nodes c, we can decrease the number of samples per light node s and vice versa. What is of interest is how t… --- ## [Use DAS to speedup consensus throughput](https://forum.celestia.org/t/use-das-to-speedup-consensus-throughput/1810)
**Author:** [@ValarDragon](https://forum.celestia.org/u/ValarDragon)\ **Replies:** 3\ **Last updated:** [October 31, 2024, 8:03pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/use-das-to-speedup-consensus-throughput/1810 "2024-10-31T20:03:41Z")
One of the core insights of Celestia is that DAS;ing (Data availabiity sampling) enough to reconstruct the data is much cheaper than gossiping the full data around. This realization should be brought into consensus itsel… --- ## [Faster commitment construction over the square](https://forum.celestia.org/t/faster-commitment-construction-over-the-square/1838)
**Author:** [@nashqueue](https://forum.celestia.org/u/nashqueue)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [October 12, 2024, 10:10am UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/faster-commitment-construction-over-the-square/1838 "2024-10-12T10:10:28Z")
Motivation Each row and column is committed to in the erasure-coded data square. However, this commitment calculation can become a bottleneck for consensus for bigger squares, so we want to minimize the time it takes to … --- ## [Make the Data Availability Header just available](https://forum.celestia.org/t/make-the-data-availability-header-just-available/1835)
**Author:** [@nashqueue](https://forum.celestia.org/u/nashqueue)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [October 8, 2024, 1:26pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/make-the-data-availability-header-just-available/1835 "2024-10-08T13:26:58Z")
Motivation: In a previous post, we discussed that we cannot reduce the size of the data availability header (DAH) without increasing the fraud proof size. The conclusion was that the data availability header has to be av… --- ## [Achieving trust minimized Light Clients through ZK Proofs instead of Fraud Proofs](https://forum.celestia.org/t/achieving-trust-minimized-light-clients-through-zk-proofs-instead-of-fraud-proofs/1759)
**Author:** [@nashqueue](https://forum.celestia.org/u/nashqueue)\ **Replies:** 4\ **Last updated:** [July 24, 2024, 3:57pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/achieving-trust-minimized-light-clients-through-zk-proofs-instead-of-fraud-proofs/1759 "2024-07-24T15:57:51Z")
Motivation The Celestia protocol, which is based on the Lazy Ledger whitepaper and Fraud Proofs: Maximising Light Client Security and Scaling Blockchains with Dishonest Majorities always had in mind to create trust minim… --- ## [Derived Social Slashing of Data Availability Oracles in Data Withholding Attacks](https://forum.celestia.org/t/derived-social-slashing-of-data-availability-oracles-in-data-withholding-attacks/1762)
**Author:** [@nashqueue](https://forum.celestia.org/u/nashqueue)\ **Replies:** 4\ **Last updated:** [July 3, 2024, 1:22pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/derived-social-slashing-of-data-availability-oracles-in-data-withholding-attacks/1762 "2024-07-03T13:22:16Z")
Motivation Data availability is not objectively attributable as everyone has to sample independently to be sure if data is available or to download the whole block. The motivation for this short post is to see how stron… --- ## [Removal or Reduction of the Size of the Data Availability Header](https://forum.celestia.org/t/removal-or-reduction-of-the-size-of-the-data-availability-header/1761)
**Author:** [@nashqueue](https://forum.celestia.org/u/nashqueue)\ **Replies:** 0\ **Last updated:** [June 27, 2024, 1:05pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/removal-or-reduction-of-the-size-of-the-data-availability-header/1761 "2024-06-27T13:05:45Z")
Motivation The data availability header (DAH) consists of row and column roots. These are the roots of the namespace merkle tree (NMT) that spans over each row and column over the extended data square (EDS). This DAH mu… --- ## [Celestia Snark Accounts Design Spec](https://forum.celestia.org/t/celestia-snark-accounts-design-spec/1639)
**Author:** [@puma314](https://forum.celestia.org/u/puma314)\ **Replies:** 14\ **Last updated:** [June 19, 2024, 8:56pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/celestia-snark-accounts-design-spec/1639 "2024-06-19T20:56:48Z")
Celestia Snark Accounts This is a design document on how Celestia might incorporate SNARK accounts into their base layer for enabling interoperability of TIA between Celestia and the rollups that utilize Celestia for dat… --- ## [Moving toward safer and more aligned TIA liquid staking](https://forum.celestia.org/t/moving-toward-safer-and-more-aligned-tia-liquid-staking/1422)
**Author:** [@aidangs](https://forum.celestia.org/u/aidangs)\ **Replies:** 22\ **Last updated:** [April 26, 2024, 8:11pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/moving-toward-safer-and-more-aligned-tia-liquid-staking/1422 "2024-04-26T20:11:00Z")
Moving toward safer and more aligned TIA liquid staking Ensuring Celestia liquid staking protocols (LSPs) are safe and aligned is necessary for base layer stability and decentralization. TIA’s staking APR and utility as… --- ## [Customize your namespace, rollup resource pricing, account abstraction and native restaking](https://forum.celestia.org/t/customize-your-namespace-rollup-resource-pricing-account-abstraction-and-native-restaking/1666)
**Author:** [@nashqueue](https://forum.celestia.org/u/nashqueue)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [April 17, 2024, 4:03pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/customize-your-namespace-rollup-resource-pricing-account-abstraction-and-native-restaking/1666 "2024-04-17T16:03:11Z")
Celestia’s primary users are rollups who want to post blobs. Now, different projects will have different requirements. Celestia can move in a direction that gives those users better UX when posting blobs. You might think… --- ## [Preventing duplicate blob submission](https://forum.celestia.org/t/preventing-duplicate-blob-submission/1670)
**Author:** [@cmwaters](https://forum.celestia.org/u/cmwaters)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [April 12, 2024, 1:14pm UTC](https://forum.celestia.org/t/preventing-duplicate-blob-submission/1670 "2024-04-12T13:14:42Z")
Replay protection is the characteristic of preventing a user that signs a transaction from having that transaction executed multiple times on chain. Imagine Alice forming a transaction to send 5 TIA to Bob. Alice would w… [Next page](https://forum.celestia.org/c/research/5.md?page=1)